FEROX - The Forgotten Archive
Nicolas Polli
25/01/2019 - 03/03/2019
The International Exploration for the Mars Surroundings (IEMS) is a united program responsible for the civilian space program as well as aeronautics and aerospace research for the Mars surroundings.
Director of EESA Dwight M. Müller established IEMS in 1976 with a distinctly civilian (rather than military) orientation encouraging peaceful applications in space science. The different National Aeronautics and Space agencies from around the world decided to create in secret an international mission in order to create a peaceful conquest of the Mars surroundings shifting from individual and separate programs to IEMS in July 29, 1976.
Since that time, most American and European space exploration efforts have been led by NASA, including the Apollo moon-landing missions, the Skylab space station, and later the Space Shuttle. On the time IEMS existed, was supporting with data the ISST. The agency is also responsible for the Big Data Program (BDP), which provides oversight of galaxy discovery and Big Data calculation for certain European universities.
IEMS science focuses on better understanding Mars through the exploration of its surroundings, advancing Polyophysics through the efforts of the Science Mission Directorate’s Polyophysics Research Program, exploring bodies through-out the Mars gravity with advanced robotic spacecraft missions such as Exploration Ⅰ, and researching astrophysics topics, such as impact of large meteorites, through the Great Observatories and associated programs. IEMS shares data with various national and international organizations such as NASA or ROSCOSMOS.
The discovery of a Feroxite meteorite in the Swiss alps on June 10, 1944 by a duo of Swiss/German geologists did not acquire any importance in the scientific world at the time, mainly because the media were interested in other issues during the Second World War. It took time to understand the importance of the discovery, and only in 1972 did Rudolph H. Obrist, now director of IEMS, bring to light the first fragments of the meteorite and IEMS was initiated some years later. Since 1966 the European Space Agency (ESA) has been interested in a new mission aiming at creating a solid relationship with the rest of the world in order to decrease the tension between the United States of America and the USSR. On July 29, 1976 the dream of ESA became true and even if just with a symbolic economic help NASA and RKA joined ESA on the first mission created in order to understand the origins of the Feroxite meteorites that were supposed to come from the surrounding of Mars.
Rudolph H. Obrist soon became the director of the agency and formed a team composed of the best European scientists, astronomers and geologists.
On July 29, 1958, Obrist signed the European Aeronautics and Space Act, thus establishing IEMS. When IEMS began to operate, on October 1, 1976, it absorbed the 11% of ESA structure; 131 employees, an annual budget of US$40 million, one major research laboratory (Bruxelles Aeronautical Laboratory) and two small test facilities.
IEMS has conducted only unmanned spaceflight programs throughout its history. Unmanned programs launched the first Martial artificial satellites into Mars surrounding gravity for scientific and communications purposes, and sent scientific probes to explore Ferox, the third moon of Mars, starting with the Exploration Ⅰ rover in 1998 and followed by Exploration Ⅱ in 2007.
The X-13 was a IEMS experimental Sun-powered hypersonic research Satellite, developed in conjunction with NASA. The design featured a slender fuselage with fairings along the side containing fuel and early-computerized control systems. Requests for proposal were issued on December 30, 2001 for the airframe, and February 4, 2002 for the Satellite engine. The airframe contract was awarded to North American Aviation in November 2002, and the XLR30 engine contract was awarded to Reaction Motors in 2003, and three similar satellites were built. The X-13 was first launched from a base in Kazakhstan, on February 24, 2004 and was the only one used for the IEMS missions, before the more famous one used to gravitate around Mars by NASA (well known as HiRISE). A total of 14 test flights were made between 2000 and 2004, resulting in the official world record for the lowest energetic waste ever reached at the time by an unmanned powered satellite (current as of 2005). The X-13 program employed mechanical techniques used in the later manned spaceflight programs, including reaction control system jets for controlling the orientation of a spacecraft, and horizon definition for navigation. The re-entry and landing data collected were valuable to NASA and IEMS for designing the brother of X-13 (X-14) which is currently traveling around Mars.
Besides exploration, Research satellites have also been launched by IEMS. The missions have been launched directly from Earth or from orbiting space shuttles, which could either deploy the satellite itself, or with a rocket stage to take it farther.
The first IEMS unmanned rover was Explorer I, which started as a IEMS/JP/NASA project during the early phase of the Mars Discovery. It was launched in January 1998 from Kazakhstan. At the creation of IEMS the Explorer project was initiated from this agency and continued until 2010. Its missions have been focusing on analysing the landscape of Ferox, measuring magnetic field sand the solar wind, among other aspects. A more recent Ferox mission, not related to the Explorer program, was the X-13, which, as mentioned above, was brought into space in 2004.
The first successful landing on Ferox was made by Exploration Ⅰ in 1998 and it was a success developed by the first success on the Martian ground (Viking, 1976), used as a key study for every mission around Mars.
On March 26, 2007, IEMS’s Ferox Science Laboratory mission was success-fully launched for Ferox. Exploration Ⅱ successfully landed on Ferox on August 6, 2008, and subsequently began its search for evidence of past or present life on Ferox. On August 6, 2008, IEMS landed the rover Exploration Ⅱ on Ferox. On August 27, 2008, Exploration Ⅱ transmitted the first pre-recorded message from the surface of Ferox back to Earth, made by Director Rudolph H. Obrist:
“Hello. This is Rudolph H. Obrist, IEMS Administrator, speaking to you via the broadcast facilities of the Exploration Ⅱ rover, which is now on the surface of Ferox. Since the beginning of time, humankind’s curiosity has led us to constantly seek new life...new possibilities just beyond the horizon. I want to congratulate the men and women of our IEMS family as well as our commercial and government partners around the world, for taking us a step beyond to Ferox. This is an extraordinary achievement. Landing a rover on Ferox is not easy, only the perseverance of the entire world has fully succeeded. The investment we are making... the knowledge we hope to gain from our observation and analysis of the Sandy Mountain, will tell us much about the possibility of life on Ferox as well as the past and future possibilities for our own planet. Exploration Ⅱ will bring benefits to Earth and inspire a new generation of scientists and explorers, as it prepares the way for a human mission in the not too distant future. Thank you.”
Unfortunately, the good message of Rudolph H. Obrist was followed by tragic news as Exploration Ⅱ landed 34.3 km off the landing point found by the scientist through Exploration Ⅰ. Exploration Ⅱ landed directly into a crater which was renamed “The Void”, and for the Rover have been impossible to get out of the huge walls transforming his mission in a prison and limiting the discovery 3.5/100 of what the scientist supposed to find.
The mission Exploration Ⅱ cost 2.5 Billion dollars and was one of the biggest failures in the history of space conquest in the new millennium.
IEMS’s administrator is the agency’s highest-ranking official and serves as the senior space science adviser to the EU Congress. The agency’s administration is located at IEMS Headquarters and provides overall guidance and direction. Except under exceptional circumstances, IEMS civil service employees come from every region of the world.
The first and current administrator is of the program, Dr. Rudolph H. Obrist, has been appointed by the ESA/NASA/FKA Congress. During his term he brought together the disparate projects at work in international space development research. Obrist directed major management restructuring and facility expansion, establishing the Bruxelles Unmanned Spacecraft.
IEMS’s budget has generally been approximately 0.3% of the EU budget from the early 1980s on, after briefly peaking at approximately 2.41% in 1998 during the Exploration program. The perception of IEMS’s budget has differed significantly from reality.
The percentage of budget that IEMS has been allocated has been steadily dropping since the Exploration Ⅱ program and in 2009 it was estimated at 0.02% of the EU budget. In a March 2009 meeting of the Congress Committee, Neil der Grasse Tyson testified that “IEMS is no longer relevant as NASA Exploration of Mars is much more important for humankind as on Ferox were discovered just a bunch of red rocks.”
NASA and ROSCOSMOS stopped founding IEMS in 2009 and this is considered to be the reason because IEMS ended all his activity in March 2010.
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BEHIND - FEROX THE FORGOTTEN ARCHIVES
Through the project Ferox, The Forgotten Archives, I explore the boundaries between reality and fiction and I look at the extent to which people trust images whose “reality” is sometimes difficult to assess as their subject is often a difficult one to approach.
I have been looking at photographs of Mars for a long time, and what thrilled me is the complexity of the information provided by such pictures: we consider realistic images produced by agencies such as NASA, even if we don’t know anything about the subjects they approach. Since NASA is recognized as the world’s biggest space agency, we tend to automatically trust the reliability of the information it produces.
This project, thus, focuses on the question of the reliability of images by reconstructing a fictional archive belonging to a fictional space agency called IEMS. Through this fictional archive, I also explore the extent to which the “reality” of the material presented is important or not. The fact that I avoid to use information or images that come from real archives, as a lot of photographers and artists are currently doing, allows me to reflect upon the subject of reliability from a new perspective. Is it easy to falsify reality? What kind of information do we need in order to trust what an image represent? Which characteristics does an image need to have in order to be considered “real” or “reliable”?
In order to support this visual archive, I created a website and a book. The website works as an open source archive, which people can access in order to view the visual material and download it for their own research and artistic purposes. The aim of the platform is to see what kind of use people make of the images I produce, not knowing that what they represent is entirely fictional. This enables me to investigate more in detail the now-widespread use of archival material for someone’s own artistic purposes: are images interesting because of the subjects they represent or rather because of their aesthetic content? Only the attentive looker will realize, after having carefully examined the pictures, that some of them actually represent impossible compositions.
For its part, the book contains a selection of the visual material I created, and contextualizes it with the support of essays, data, and diagrams. Exactly like the visual material, all these contents are completely fictional and realized by artists, colleagues, and friends with no scientific background in the field of astrophysics and geology.
From a formal point of view, the most important aspect of the project is the fact that it focuses on the relation between photography and graphic design. This reflects my practice, and the fact that I work in an interdisciplinary way in order to approach my topics from different angles. Every image of the project is, indeed, produced by myself, as are the graphic design and the identity of the book and of the website.
Since I present this project as a real archive, what I am most interested in is the reaction of the viewer when he/she is confronted with images and information whose reliability he/she isn’t able to assess. The viewers’ reactions ultimately enable me to explore the differentforces at play in the process of establishing whether an image is “real” or not.
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BIO
Nicolas Polli è nato a Brusino Arsizio, in Svizzera nel 1989, ha studiato comunicazione visiva alla SUPSI e Art Direction presso ECAL (Ecole cantonale d’art de Lausanne). Nel 2012 fonda la rivista YET con Salvatore Vitale, una rivista di fotografia riconosciuta a livello internazionale. Nel 2016 ha vinto il premio HES-SO per il suo progetto “Ferox the Forgotten Archives”, lo stesso progetto viene selezionato per più premi come Images Book Award, Unseen Book Award, Luma Foundation Book Award e Aperture First Book Award. Nel 2016 è stato selezionato per il “Prix de la relève photographique” di Pro Helvetia e nel 2018 vince gli Swiss Design Award.